[14], Because of the expense of designing buildings with the level of elaborate detailing found in European and public examples, Second Empire residential architecture was first taken up by wealthy businessmen. The Second Empire style originated in France under Napoleon III’s reign. [9] Despite the historicism of the ornamentation, Second Empire architecture was generally viewed as "modern" and hygienic as opposed to the revival styles of Italianate and Gothic Revival which hearkened to the Renaissance and Middle Ages.[10]. Entsprechend wird diese Stilrichtung auch Napoleon III. Viewed as out-of-date and emblematic of the excesses of the 19th century, Second Empire architecture was derided in the 20th century, particularly starting in the 1930s. Born in 1808 in Paris, France, he grew up in exile. This style was used for many public buildings in America during the presidency of Ulysses S. Grant (1869-1877). The prototype for Second Empire style is the Opera Garnier, in Paris, projected by Charles Garnier. "[4] Mullett-Smith terms it the "Second Empire or General Grant style" due to its popularity in designing government buildings during the Grant administration.[5]. There are two variations of Second Empire ornamentation: the high style, which followed French precedents closely and employed rich ornamentation, and the more vernacular styles, which lack a strongly distinctive ornamental vocabulary. [11] Lienau remained a prime designer of Second Empire houses, designing the Lockwood-Matthews Mansion in Norwalk, Connecticut (designed 1860). Thus, most Second Empire houses exhibited the same ornamentational and stylistic features as contemporary Italianate forms, differing only in the presence or absence of a mansard roof. There were positive representations as well, however: the nostalgic film Meet Me in St. Louis features a large Second Empire mansion beloved by the family. The first of the Victorian styles was Second Empire style (1855-1885). Spring Hill Ranch House (1881), Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, This page was last edited on 7 January 2021, at 17:01. Additionally, the reconstruction of the Louvre Palace between 1852 and 1857 by architects Louis Visconti and Hector Lefuel was widely publicized and served to provide a vocabulary of elaborate baroque architectural ornament for the new style. It flourished during the reign of Emperor Napoleon III in France (1852–1871) and had an important influence on architecture and decoration in the rest of Europe and the United States. The Second Empire style frequently includes a rectangular (sometimes octagonal) tower as well. Its appearance in the US was comparatively uncommon in the 18th and early 19th century (Mount Pleasant in Philadelphia has an example of early mansard roofs on its side pavilions). Toutes sortes de copies assez médiocres de style ancien existent : - tables rondes de style Louis XVI - tables rectangulaires de style Renaissance. The exterior style could be expressed in either wood, brick or stone, though high style examples on the whole prefer stone facades or brick facades with stone details (a brick and brownstone combination seems to be particularly common). Additionally, the facades are typically solid and flat, rather than pierced by open porches or angled and curved facade bays. The first major Second Empire structure designed by an American architect was James Renwick's gallery, now the Renwick Gallery designed for William Wilson Corcoran (1859-1860). 128–132, Dorsey, John and James D. Dilts, A Guide to Baltimore Architecture, Tidewater Publishers, Centerville, Maryland, 1981, p. 86, Goode, James M., Capitol Losses: A Cultural History of Washington’s Destroyed Buildings, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. 1979 p.177, United States Customhouse and Post Office, Prime Minister's Block, Canadian Parliament Buildings, "Why Are Victorian Houses So Creepy? Image source: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Napoleon-III-emperor-of-France/Domestic-policy-as-emperor. Donc la Seconde République débuta en 1848. Much of Paris was rethought under Napoleon III with large avenues and striking monumental buildings to replace medieval structures. Of Mullet's State, War, and Navy Building, for instance, Woodrow Wilson commented negatively on the building for displaying "every architectural style known to man" and made plans to remodel it, stripping the structure of its Second Empire features. A main characteristic of Second Empire is the Mansard roof (double pitched hip roof). Image source: https://www.picuki.com/tag/NapoleonIIIApartments. Haussmann's work was targeted to renovating the decaying Medieval neighborhoods of Paris by wholesale demolition and new construction of streetscapes with uniform cornice lines and stylistic consistency, an urban ensemble that impressed 19th century architects and designers. Y… The exterior architecture of the Dodd-Hinsdale house is Second Empire Victorian, a style originating in France under Napoleon III. Mullet, in particular, who favored the style, was responsible from 1866 to 1874 for designing federal public buildings across the US, spreading Second Empire as a stylistic idiom across the country. The Second Empire style, with its ubiquitous mansard roofs and heavy ornament, remained the first choice of wealthy homebuilders and their architects because it was, in their eyes, not only thoroughly “modern,” but also fashionably flashy in what was a … In the United States, buildings related to this style were the Old City Hall, in Boston and the State, War, and Navy Department Building, in Washington, D.C. As American and Canadian architects went to study in Paris at the École des Beaux-Arts in increasing numbers, Second Empire became more significant as a stylistic choice. The distinguishing feature is the mansard roof covered with multi-colored slate s or tinplates. The name refers to the style of architecture that evolved during the rule of Napoleon III … Typical features include quoins at the corners to define elements, elaborate dormer windows, pediments, brackets, and strong entablatures. 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