The French advanced in battalion columns, with their front line formed by the Corps of Masséna on the left, Oudinot in the centre and Davout on the right, and the respective Corps cavalry screening the flanks. Amongst the Saxon cavalry was a single squadron of the Herzog Albrecht Chevaulegers regiment, which shared the same Regimental Proprietor with the Austrian Herzog Albert cuirassiers and these units fought in a generalized melee that involved the entire cavalry present. Son armée était composée de l'avant-garde d'Armand von Nordmann, du Ier corps d'Heinrich comte de Bellegarde, du IIe corps du prince Friedrich de Hohenzollern-Hechingen, du IIIe corps de Kollowrat, du IVe corps du prince Franz Seraph of Rosenberg-Orsini, du VIe corps de Johann von Klenau (Klenau prit les commandes de ce corps en remplacement de Johann Von Hiller à l'aube de la bataille), de la réserve de grenadiers et de cavalerie de Johann Liechtenstein. Contrairement à la campagne de 1807 où la victoire difficile et marginale d'Eylau avait été suivie d'un succès écrasant à Friedland, la campagne de 1809 s'est finalement achevée par une victoire coûteuse en hommes et peu convaincante. Au centre, les Autrichiens réussirent à repousser le IXe corps de Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, abandonnant Akerdlaa, qui tomba aux mains des Autrichiens sans un coup de feu. He also sent a combined-arms force to occupy the village of Breintlee, to the south. La Grande-Bretagne, déjà en guerre contre la France, reçut favorablement cette proposition, mais elle fut incapable de participer à l'effort de guerre autrichien, ses forces militaires étant mobilisées en Espagne. C’est aussi un communican… [63] Despite these setbacks, the Emperor had managed to fix the enemy forces and was now certain that Archduke Charles was ready to give battle on his current positions. Le 5 juillet, 162 000 soldats français se retrouvèrent sur la rive gauche du Danube. La communication étant défaillante, il en résulta que le lieutenant-général Nordmann qui commandait l'avant-garde sur la gauche autrichienne, conserva une position qu'il ne devait pas occuper. Si Charles avait rassemblé toutes ses forces à Wagram, il aurait bénéficié de 60 000 hommes supplémentaires. Meanwhile, Masséna was preparing to retake Aderklaa with the division of Molitor, spearheaded by Leguay's brigade and the 67th Line regiment. These new orders meant that Davout could not start his attack right away, as he needed to send a part of his troops east, where he had to bridge the Russbach stream, in order to allow his artillery to cross. La bataille de Wagram fut la plus meurtrière des batailles qui avaient eu lieu jusqu'alors, et ne sera égalée ou dépassée que par les batailles de la Moskova et Leipzig. L’armée française de Napoléon et l’armée autrichienne, commandée par l’Archiduc Charles, se retrouvent devant le village de Wagram, sur un plateau situé à environ 15 kilomètres au nord de Vienne. His next task was to rebuild the army. Behind the Bavarians came the Fusiliers of the "Young Guard", four battalion-strong, which were led by the Emperor's aide-de-camp, General Reille, with strict orders to avoid "getting involved in any adventure". Après la défaite autrichienne à la bataille d'Austerlitz en décembre 1805, l'empereur François II d'Autriche ratifia le traité de Presbourg qui concluait une paix coûteuse avec la France impériale. Strategically, the decision was sound, since an offensive along the river valley allowed better protection for the Austrian capital. Napoleon himself lead his army against Austrian forces lead by the Archduke Charles. Par conséquent, les forces autrichiennes disponibles se chiffrent à 137 000 hommes et 415 pièces d'artillerie. Having spent the entire morning doing nothing else than exchanging artillery fire with French II Corps, these men were relatively fresh. He did so on his own responsibility, as he did not have permission to do so from Emperor Francis I. This allowed the French to deploy three pivoting bridges, which had been prepared in advance and on which other elements of Oudinot's II Corps began to cross. Napoléon est un génie militaire. The Emperor reconfirmed that he wanted Davout to take Markgrafneusiedl, but, instead of a massive frontal attack, he instructed the Marshal to launch a part of his men frontally against the position and a part in an enveloping move from the east, in order to take advantage of the gentle slope there. Bernadotte sent forward the two battalions of the 5th Light regiment, which successfully pushed back the opposition, allowing the rest of his Corps to continue its advance towards the village of Aderklaa, near which they had to stop, towards 15:30, as they met enemy cavalry. Une attaque sur le front droit constitua une feinte dans le but d'attirer les réserves françaises et de les éloigner. Due in part to the fact that Austrian Corps on other sectors of the battlefield failed to attack at the same time, Rosenberg was forced to draw his troops back to their initial positions, occupying the plateau and the strategic village of Markgrafneusiedl, situated just below the escarpment. Austrian military preparations were accelerated in 1808 and early 1809, with operations set to occur in several war theatres, including the main one in Bavaria and sideshows in Italy, Dalmatia, Westphalia, Tyrol and Poland. À sa droite, Louis-Nicolas Davout dérobe Hohenzellern ; au centre Eugène de Beauharnais et Nicolas-Charles Oudinot avancent au sud, André Masséna repousse Klénau. Napoleon noted with disgust that it was the first time that the cavalry let him down, but, given the state of exhaustion and the losses sustained by the French forces, MacDonald would have probably been unable to follow up any breakthrough achieved by the cavalry anyway. There were thus several instances in which Saxon troops fired at each other and their situation took a turn for the worse towards 22:30, when Generalmajor Hartizsch brought fresh Saxon troops against the position. The Armistice of Znaim marked the end of the active phase of the 1809 war between France and Austria. At 08:00, Klenau unlimbered his artillery and began to fire at the French, while sending forward Vecsey's brigade from Feldmarshalleutnant Vincent's division to take the village of Aspern. Liechtenstein's cavalry duly came up in support, taking a wide position behind 1st Korps, between Deutsch-Wagram and Süssenbrunn, but Bellegarde chose not move beyond Aderklaa. French pressure and the fast-spreading fire forced Hessen-Homburg's brigade, which had been drawn up in support of Rohan's division, to evacuate the position and reform on the escarpment behind the village, closely followed by Gudin's skirmishers. En effet, à l'issue de contre-attaques réussies à Abensberg, Landshut, Eckmühl et Ratisbonne, il parvint à refouler les Autrichiens sur la rive nord du Danube. [116] On his left, Nansouty, who had apparently not been consulted regarding the placement and role of his division in the attack,[120] had kept his men too far back, in order to protect them from the sustained enemy fire. Not far away from this position, the attack of the Saxons also came to a grinding halt and these men were driven back, exposing the flank of the French troops occupying Aderklaa. The French cavalry attack halted the advance of Klenau's Korps and allowed the French launch an attack of their own against the village of Essling. In a move which was typical for Austrian tactics at the time, the 60-year-old Austrian commander had been busy securing his own rear, rather than thinking of any offensive action. [64] Napoleon was expecting reinforcements: the French XI Corps under Marmont, the divisions of Broussier and Pacthod from the "Army of Italy", as well as the Bavarian division under Wrede, which were approaching the battlefield that night. Original Ad. While Rosenberg was attacking on the left, General der Kavallerie Bellegarde, commander of the Austrian 1st Korps, also set his men in motion in time, just as his orders stated. [22], Although a generalissimus, with supreme authority over the entire Austrian army, Charles's position was constantly undermined by his imperial brother and the war party at the court, who were corresponding directly on military matters with his chief of staff, General Major Wimpffen and some of the corps commanders. On 4 July, by nightfall, under the cover of a violent thunderstorm that impeded any Austrian observation, Napoleon gave the order for the commencement of the crossing operations.[31]. L'archiduc Charles, stratège reconnu et le seul général autrichien pouvant tenir tête à Napoléon, fut désigné comme Generalissimus (généralissime, commandant suprême des armées), avec l'ordre de réformer l'armée, dont l'incompétence fut exposée au grand jour après la défaite de 1805. Unable to storm the position with Frère's division, Oudinot launched a flanking attack to the right of the village, with some of his best troops: the 57th Line regiment (styled "the Terrible") and the 10th Light regiment, both from Grandjean's division. Références consultables à la bibliothèque de la Fondation Napoléon Articles : – Frédéric Bey, « Le réarmement autrichien de 1809 », dans La revue Napoléon, n° 36, Novembre 2008- p. 55-58 : ill. en coul. Ceci pourrait être interprété comme étant la manifestation du déclin progressif de la qualité des troupes napoléoniennes, et de l'amélioration de celles de ses adversaires, qui ont désormais compris leurs erreurs passées et ont globalement appréhendé les stratégies de Napoléon. This was thus the right time for a general attack, but the Austrian military doctrine discouraged commanders from taking too much initiative, and Bellegarde chose to stick to his orders and wait for III Korps, whose leading elements were only just coming up, in line with the Grenadiers. With the division of Arrighi sent in support of Davout, far on the right flank and the division of Saint-Sulpice detailed to protect Masséna's IV Corps, Bessières brought forward his only remaining unit, the mighty 1st heavy cavalry division, under the skilled 41-year-old general Nansouty. Kollowrat finished his positioning manoeuvres only towards 09:30, when his men made contact with Prochaska's Grenadier division of Liechtenstein's Reserve Korps. By now, Napoleon had largely understood Charles's intentions and manoeuvred against them. He deployed between the villages of Süssenbrunn and Breintlee and thus threatened the French flank, which was defended only by Legrand's infantry division and some cavalry. [31], On 3 July, Archduke Charles finally decided not to fight the enemy near the Danube and retreated to the higher ground overlooking the Marchfeld. In compliance with Napoleon's orders, Masséna's fourth infantry division, under General Boudet, had been left far to the south, defending the village of Aspern. Links to Aspern-Essling to form a 10 map battlefield. L'artillerie et les attaques de cavalerie stoppèrent la progression du corps de Kallowrat. Continuing to fight in these conditions would have spelled the end of the Kaiserlich-königliche Hauptarmee and, in Charles's view, the end of the Habsburg Empire. Soon, some French gun crews were reduced to such a point that Napoleon asked for volunteers among the Guard infantry, in order to replace the losses. These were to be used to transfer supplies and troops onto the island. Then, Marulaz fell upon and captured the Austrian battery which was bombarding the bridges over the Danube, sending the panicked gunners fleeing for their lives. [34], Intelligence received on 4 July informed the Archduke that the French had weakened their position at Pressburg, a clear sign that the enemy would launch its operations very soon. Le fleuve fut un véritable obstacle à la cavalerie, et la traversée de l'artillerie nécessita la construction de ponts. [143], Globally, since neither army provided a complete tabulation of their losses, the exact number of casualties is hard to establish. Not long before 17:00, the cavalry moved against the second mass and it was during this action that the gallant Lasalle, one of the best cavalry commanders of his time, was shot dead. The French offensive was quite successful but Napoleon soon received alarming news that the main bridge had broken and consequently, no further reinforcements and ammunition could be brought from the southern bank, making a protracted battle impossible. The Battle of Wagram began after Napoleon crossed the Danube with the bulk of these forces during the night of 4 July and attacked the 136,000-man strong Austrian army. As a result, the two Corps that were farthest from headquarters, VI and III Korps, only received their orders towards 03:00, two hours late. [74][87][88], Towards 11:00, Bessières received his orders, which provided for an immediate attack at the weak point of the enemy line, the seam between Austrian III Korps and the Reserve Korps, where only Feldmarshalleutnant Prochaska's thinly spread division was covering the wide position between Süssenbrunn and Aderklaa. The passive posture of the Austrian Corps was due partly to a lack of orders to advance further and partly to the fact that Klenau's relatively small force was by now out of touch with the main Austrian force. With 80,000 casualties, the two-day battle of Wagram was particularly bloody, mainly due to the use of 1,000 artillery pieces and the expenditure of over 180,000 rounds of artillery ammunition on a flat battlefield packed with some 300,000 men. With at least 72,000 casualties on both sides, it was also the bloodiest military engagement of the entire Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars thus far. [42] The attack was to take place against the Russbach line on a wide front, between Wagram and Markgrafneusiedl, with Bernadotte, Eugène, Oudinot and Davout all ordered forward. [113][116], As MacDonald's lumbering column moved forward, Austrian artillery opened up against the accompanying French cannon, disabling 15 of them, before they even had time to unlimber and respond. [79][83], Klenau was the first to make contact with the enemy. Les ponts (trois principaux et 8 secondaires) furent achevés le 21 juin. For the Emperor, the sight of Bernadotte riding at the head of the disorderly mob and making no apparent attempt to rally his men, was the last straw. Le 5 juillet, il fait face aux troupes adverses placées Charging by single regiments against an enemy who committed entire brigades and divisions in coordinated actions, the Austrians, although superior in overall numbers, had been overwhelmed, a testament to their chronic inability to coordinate large-scale cavalry charges. Losses in officers in particular had been extremely high and proved difficult to replace. Just as in the bloody Battle of Eylau, Wagram was a battle in which Napoleon failed to score an uncontested victory with relatively few casualties. The troops of the line were not so lucky. After the attackers enjoyed some initial success, the defenders regained the upper hand and the attacks failed. Bataille de Wagram Remportée par l'Armée Française sur les Autrichiens le 6 Juillet 1809. Several other bridges were finalised towards 02:00, allowing the bulk of II and III Corps, with their respective artillery, cavalry and equipment trains to cross to the northern bank. They did their best to comply but, given the difficulties of a long night march, their leading elements could only manage to arrive on the Austrian right between 07:30 and 08:00, three hours later than Charles had planned. This figure thus accounts not only for the Battle of Wagram, but also for losses during the many minor engagements and skirmishes that took place after the battle, as well as the losses suffered during the Battle of Znaim. Should another battle be unavoidable, I will strike one more blow against the French, though you may rest assured that I shall risk nothing or as little as possible. Cependant, Charles préféra placer un corps d'observation sur la rive gauche et se replia quelques kilomètres en arrière. Les contre-attaques autrichiennes permirent alors de récupérer tout le terrain concédé à Napoléon pendant son offensive. During this manoeuvre, Nostitz's cavalry, placed initially on the plain below the escarpment, were pushed back and forced up the slope of the plateau by Grouchy's and Pully's dragoons; the Austrian horse subsequently redeployed to protect Nordmann's flank. Masséna sent Marulaz's cavalry to clear the enemy horse, which was pushing back Boudet's defeated division. Additionally, Nordmann had benefitted from little protection from the cavalry present in that sector. In order to cross from the island to the northern bank, a series of pivoting bridges and landing craft were also built. Meanwhile, Davout personally led forward the divisions of Gudin and Puthod, who were to storm Markgrafneusiedl frontally. [42][48] Additionally, with the Emperor ordering an immediate attack, the General Staff failed to transmit the orders to the respective commanders in due time, which resulted in a failure to launch synchronized actions. The French also needed reliable bridges. Les français, sous la fantastique pression autrichienne (attaque coordonné de plus de 75 000 soldats), les deux chefs français sont obligés de se replier sur Wagram. Meanwhile, Napoleon was free to advance north, into the Marchfeld plain, where he would have enough room to deploy his forces. It was followed by the foot artillery of the Guard, four batteries of 12-pounders, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Antoine Drouot, and, shortly after, by the pieces from the "Army of Italy". He also planned not to face the enemy on the flat plains of the Marchfeld, an ideal cavalry terrain, where the numerically superior French horse would quickly gain the upper hand. Fierro, Palluel-Guillard, Tulard 138–139 and 586. On the French side, Grouchy soon brought his dragoons in support and Nostitz was forced to counter them by committing General-Major Rothkirch's brigade, formed by the 1st Erzherzog Johann and 6th Riesch Dragoons. Given that the Austrians, with their superior numbers and overwhelming artillery firepower, were now intent upon seizing the opportunity to launch a counterattack of their own, retreat was most difficult. Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. The French tried to close the gap through sustained march. Napoleon had a sound strategic position, as he was holding the central position and had a much shorter line than his opponent. There is a second game as part of the Wagram package called Drive to the Bridges includes the action near the Danube River occurring at the same time as Wagram. La mise à l'écart du commandement de Bernadotte, conséquence de son échec à la bataille de Wagram, eut des conséquences inattendues : élu à la surprise générale héritier au trône de Suède l'année suivante, l'ancien maréchal s'avérera être par la suite un soutien décisif pour les Alliés. Crucially, it improved the overall morale of the troops as it proved that, despite their early string of defeats, the army could fight extremely well. He first sent word to Davout to hasten his attack preparations against the Austrian left, but the most urgent matter was to stabilise his own battered left wing. Bellegarde reacted by sending in some of his reserves to stop the enemy onslaught, but the French managed to secure both Wagram and Aderklaa, two key positions on the battlefield. Il dispose ses troupes en carrés. [25] By the end of June, Archduke Charles was still hoping that Napoleon might opt to negotiate, a misapprehension that the latter encouraged through a series of ruses. With the cavalry thus reinforced and placed under the overall command of Feldmarschalleutnant Nostitz, Archduke Charles ordered his horsemen to charge the enemy. [75][76][77], The task of defending Aderklaa belonged to Maréchal Bernadotte, commander of the Saxon IX Corps. The resulting Treaty of Schönbrunn meant the loss of one sixth of the Austrian Empire's subjects, along with some territories, rendering it landlocked until the German Campaign of 1813. Enfin, quelques divisions supplémentaires pouvaient être appelées en renfort de Galicie et de Bohême. [69] This was no easy task and it took all the determination and skill of Feldmarschalleutnant Radetzky in coordinating a combined-arms operation to slow down the French onslaught, while the rest of Rosenberg's troops retreated. La première, l'armée d'Italie, vint d'Italie du Nord jusqu'à Vienne et était sous le commandement du vice-roi d'Italie, le prince Eugène. 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