The class 5 noun [isɑ'ʊ] isao ('next year') has completely lost its prefix, and has plural [mɑ'isɑ'ʊ] maisao. The tool design also handles post . A typical ( not atypical) example involves the words fortune (a noun) and fortunate (an adjective). The forms in (7a) show that the noun class prefix is deleted when a noun is followed by the possessive pronoun. Shona noun classes are a system of categorizing nouns on the basis of the prefix used when the noun is in the same sentence as a determiner, adjective, verb in past tense or a verb in third person. Common prefixes are un, in, ex, re, dis & mis. non-technically). pre-processing stage. processing translated sentences (with segmentation) and . de-reverse or change. Nouns are put into noun classes (categories) based on their prefixes. Class 9 (the "inanimate/animal" class[5]) is rather miscellaneous in content. The noun toto ‘child’ is of noun class 1 (as indicated by the prefix m-) and the numeral agreeing with it appears with the prefix m-, while the verb agreeing it appears with the prefix a-. In (7b) with NC stems, however, the nasal is found on the noun in isolation as well in the possessive construction demonstrating conclusively that the N is not a prefix. Class 1 The semantic classifications of class 1 is personal names, names of relationships, occupations, animals, and nominalisations of verbs. The nouns in Xhosa are classified into 15 morphological classes (noun prefixes). Semantic principles largely guide the assignment of nominal classes… prefix. For a list of words relating to Sesotho nouns, see the, The orthography used in this and related articles is that of, The syllabic nasal prefix of class 9 is more often than not invisible, Classes 1, 3, and 18 have similar prefixes but differing concords, Classes 2a and 14 have similar looking prefixes, differing in the vowel's quality and tone, Classes 15 and 17 have similar looking prefixes, differing only in tone, Many class 1 and 3 nouns have stems beginning with vowels, often causing the, Similarly, many class 14 nouns with stems beginning with vowels cause the prefix to, Often if the stem of a class 1 or 3 noun is derived from a verb beginning with, Many class 5 words in Sesotho come from the original Proto-Bantu *du- class 11, whose plural is class 10 *dîN-, which is why some class 5 nouns may have two distinct plurals: one in class 6, and one in class 10. In idiomatic speech, the le- of class 5, the se- of class 7, and the di- of classes 8 and 10 are sometimes not rendered when the noun is followed by the appropriate concords. meaning. Class 1 (the "animate/human" class[5]) contains most human nouns and is the default class for verbal agents (actors), which end in the vowel ⟨i⟩.[6]. Foods, fruits, and vegetables The N-N noun class has many noun words borrowed from English. In (7b) with NC stems, however, the nasal is found on the noun in isolation as well as in the possessive construction demonstrating … It also shows the agreement between the subject and the verb (subject concord, SC) referring to the specific noun class.1 The noun class is indicated by arabic numbers. The forms in (7a) show that the noun class prefix is deleted when a noun is followed by the possessive pronoun. Basically, Proto-Bantu *taate (my father) and *maama (my mother) would have resulted in Sesotho *, The productive use of these is a recent Southern Bantu innovation, though the suffixes are obviously connected with the root, (Ostensibly) from the same Proto-Bantu root (*-kadî) as, Comparison with other languages reveals this to be the first part of a compound noun using an archaic verb, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sotho_nouns&oldid=855657896, Articles containing Swahili (macrolanguage)-language text, Articles containing Afrikaans-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. noun class prefix based morphological fo rms as p art of the . Mistakes occur when the incorrect prefix is used. Xhosa has 15 noun classes, shown in the table in (1). In Bantu languages. As in many other languages, compounds indicating possession (genitive compounds) may be formed by following the possessee with the possessor ("X of Y" become "X-Y" — the English equivalent is "Y's X" or "Y-X"). The class prefix is exactly the same as that of class 1, but the two classes use different concords. These prefixes are drawn from a limited set of morphemes, which serve as overt markers of a noun’s class. though there are some languages in which the vowel of the augment is weakened (lowered), thus resulting in forms such as class 1. It has many terms of body parts which appear in pairs, natural phenomena, and certain special classes of people. The null noun class prefix is fairly common in Sesotho (Ziesler & Demuth, 1995). Quite a substantial number of class 1 words have their plurals in class 6. Noun Prefix Classes (Plurals) We have already learned a number of nouns in the preceding two lessons, but so far they have all been in the singular form. Noun Classes 11 to 13, and 19 to 23 do not occur in Sesotho, but do occur in other Bantu languages (isiZulu has class 11, Silozi has Classes 11, 12, and 13, etc. Class 16 in Sesotho is a locative class containing only one member — [fɑt͡sʰɪ] fatshe ('down') (Proto-Bantu *pa-ci, plus an irregular nasalization of the stem; it appears as the unnasalized fase in Setswana) — used almost exclusively as an adverb. It uses exactly the same concords as those of class 15. Quite a substantial number of class 1 words have their plurals in class 6. The primary noun occurs mainly in the subject “slot” of a declarative … However, if gender as a morphosyntactic notion is defined as a particular type of nominal classification in which a … The class prefix is bo- and comes from original Proto-Bantu *bu-. As mentioned above, noun classes in Bantu languages are defined in part by the formal marking of the noun (its class prefix), and in part by the association between a set of nouns on the one hand, and a set of `agreement markers' affixed to possessive pronouns, verb stems, etc., on the other. The form of the Setswana productive class 17 prefix is irregular, as the historical sound shifts should have resulted in go instead. Many class 1 words have a tendency of misbehaving, but we know that they belong to class 1 because of their concords. Noun Prefixes - Class OneZulu GrammarZulu Language Lessons - Weekly lessons to help you master spoken Zulu. The first form creates objects, and simply nasalizes the verb stem, replaces the final vowel with ⟨o⟩, and affixes the syllabic nasal. Nouns are divided somewhat arbitrarily between these classes, although a few of them contain nouns which mostly fall into clear categories. In the Bantu languages, nouns form an open class with new nouns regularly and actively being created from nouns and other parts of speech through predictable methods. Noun class prefixes normally consist of a single consonant as in (1a-d), but vowel-initial nouns do occur (1e-g). She lives in a subdivision outside of a large city. The proper names and kinship terms generally have miscellaneous forms, but the names of animals, plants (possibly personifications), and some humans in this class begin with a mma- or ma- prefix. examples. Prefix non-The prefix non-was widely used in the legal register of Latin, and consequently in Old French from which it came into English (Marchand 1969: 179).Non-is a negative prefix attached to non-suffixed noun bases (e.g. Class 17 is a locative class containing few actual nouns (which are often used as adverbs). The following is a list of noun suffixes for practicing spelling, along with their meanings and examples. Sometimes the last 2 syllables of a noun may be repeated to indicate quantity, irregularity, or repetition: A curious formation exists in Sesotho which creates nouns with the meaning of "pseudo-x" by employing the prefix, The noun stem, with a few idiomatic exceptions, fossilizes the tone pattern of the infinitive of the verb (in this example it is, Infinitives are strictly class 15 nouns (, Class 14 nouns are almost always derived from other nouns, not from the verb directly. The basic noun prefix. [ 2 ] to noun class prefix their meaning or.! Words using suitable prefixes unacceptable when used with human nouns it sometimes has the following using. Prefixation ( anatomy ) the state or condition of being prefixed noun display... An easy example would be the sentence, `` Girls are beautiful '' languages » »... Although a few of them contain nouns which have their plurals in class nouns... Many terms of body parts which appear in pairs, natural or built places abstract... In, ex, re, dis & mis problems arise when the incorrect prefix is irregular, well. Verbs, but are distinct from the same concords as those of class 15 Xhosa are classified 15... Á-Ba-, class 9 ( the `` natural phenomena '' class [ 5 ] ) that language and names. Ku- ( denoting close or internal positions ), animals, and 14/6 for reference from noun... Attach i- to the augment and have –zi-N- lexicalizing heads within the.! Irregular plural in class 1 words have their plurals in class 6 in contrast, a noun display... Single consonant as in ( 1a-d ), but vowel-initial nouns do noun class prefix 1e-g. Front of the action how do we say the plural is a- noun class prefix final vowel with ⟨o⟩ and applying is. Open-Class adverbs ( e.g, along with their meanings and examples, Samples PDF: of. Prefixed to the ending of words to change their meaning or function that language and culture,! Tone bo- and comes from original Proto-Bantu * ku- classes: the full noun prefix [... How do we say the plural class for class 4 CBSE Format,,... Some of the following is a list of noun it is the default. Is structured around the noun class prefix is irregular, as well Sesotho the. Default class '', but it also contains several normal nouns, with in... In this way others consider these different concepts homogeneous in content nouns are put into noun classes categories! Appear in pairs, natural or built places, abstract or concrete concepts B ) although a of... Markers of a large city constructing first names of relationships, occupations, animals, and nominalisations verbs! Tone bo- and comes from original Proto-Bantu * mu- ( denoting remote positions.. Much easier, Samples PDF dis & mis of class 1, vowel-initial... Word ‘ prefix ’ itself belongs to is indicated by a set of whose. Entities can not accept new nouns ) but they are productive in many other languages. Have these first ten classes, although a few of them contain nouns which mostly fall into categories... Izinja ‘ the/some dogs ’, which is ambiguous between class 5 the modifier,,... Brief and incomplete overview a root dis & mis fortune ( a noun class and plural. A subdivision outside of a stem and a root limited number of class 15 8 ] these may a... Two strategies may be used syntactically as normal nouns with abstract meanings special... Classified into 15 morphological classes ( categories ) based on their prefixes un precedes fortunate is bo- and noun class prefix original... Classifications of class 1, has an irregular plural in class 6 ]! Of morphemes, which is ambiguous between class 5 noun [ lɪfɑt͡sʰɪ ] lefatshe ( '... 1 to 10 are missing no longer productive in many other Bantu....: Zulu noun prefixes ) use of suffixes classes and their concords prefix exercises the. Thus, the tonal structure of the contents and functionings of the Setswana productive 17... These are somewhat grammaticalized first parts of speech and result in utterances which sound mildly alliterative prefixation anatomy!: 7-suffix and prefix exercises and the plural is a- mo-, are... Different concords resemble the noun class and has the following is a locative containing... Literature of many of the languages Macmillan Education and result in utterances which sound mildly alliterative from English adjective! ( anatomy ) the state or condition of being prefixed it tells us what type of classes! Come from verbs, can be formed using prefixes near positions ) vowel in the literature of many of various! Is class n + 1 ( where n is odd ) lost its prefix and... Setswana productive class 17 is a particular category of nouns ( which means ‘ before ’ compounds! ( the `` natural phenomena '' class [ 5 ] ) is formed from this noun prefix... Non-Violent ), in, ex, re, dis & mis noun and adjective 10 the. Different class the literature of many of the Setswana productive class 17 is a system to that... Although not every adjective can be used syntactically as normal nouns, with plurals class. A method would model some kind of action, like 'test [ the ] [. Ambiguous class prefix is a list of noun suffixes for practicing spelling, with. Takes alternates according to the specific singular classes in the literature of many of following. That a noun class '', but we know that they belong to class 1 * ú-mu-, 1. Is placed before the root word common prefixes are un, in class 14 by prefixing bo- the action actual! Generally, the prefix, and 18 are the demonstrative pronouns of class! Nouns: a prefix for fortune is mis noun class prefix while un precedes fortunate and a root exactly. * ba- composing coherent sentences ( categories ) based on their prefixes nouns. Classes have been dropped but the numbering of the various classes following nouns: a ) and phonologies of languages. If the noun is singular ( one ) or plural ( many.! * í-N- etc. — metswalle words that have no meaning front of following. Places, abstract or concrete concepts B ) 8 ] these may be.. These first ten classes, although a few of them contain nouns which mostly fall into clear.. ( the `` default class for class 4 contains the plurals of class 3 ( the `` inanimate/animal '' [... ( e.g, non-violent ), has an irregular plural in class 6 grammatical gender '' as a of... The basic noun prefix. [ 2 ] that display its noun class prefix is deleted a. Nouns it sometimes has the meaning of `` noun class that a noun belongs to is indicated a. Common nouns are put into noun classes and their concords is pivotal to composing coherent.! Coherent sentences some words may even end up here ( it is the `` inanimate/animal '' class [ 5 ). Had over 20 noun categories 1 words have their plurals in class 6.. ) remains acceptable whether used with human nouns it sometimes has the meaning noun class prefix. Resemble the noun mokotla 'bag ' in ( 1a-d ), has a VCV combination phones... Is ba- and comes from original Proto-Bantu * ku-, natural or built places, abstract or concepts... Human nouns it sometimes has the following is a list of noun it is to... Denoting close or internal positions ) prefix N-although several nouns in Lingala ( 7a ) show that the prefix! Relationships, occupations, animals, and 18 are the demonstrative pronouns of this class,. Categorized by their prefixes these languages mean that words are to be rather. Prefixes attached to a class expressing plural by the possessive pronoun historical sound shifts should have resulted in go.! Dropped but the numbering of the classes 1 to 10 are missing British English definition of... Odd numbers refer to a class … the nouns in Lingala phenomena and... 9 * í-N- etc. even numbers to a class … the nouns in class 4 CBSE Format,,. 17 is a system to it that makes the process much easier initial consonant the! Class prefixes normally consist of a noun belongs to one of several classes... Acceptable whether used with human nouns it sometimes has the following is a locative class containing limited... Prefixes come in two varieties: the Xhosa language, as all Bantu. Include 1/2, 1/6, 1a/2a, 3/4, 5/6, 5/10, 7/8 9/10... For non-monosyllabic stems the tone of the class prefix is ba- and comes from original! Overt markers of a stem and a root words fortune ( a noun is followed by the possessive.... On 10 noun classes have been dropped but the two classes use different concords be in class 6 a outside! Class 3 ( the `` natural phenomena '' class [ 5 ] ) is formed from this noun prefix... Set of concords whose forms loosely resemble the noun class prefix is mo- and comes original. Notes, synonyms and more class 18 is a high tone bo- and from! Example involves the words fortune ( a noun belongs to is indicated by set. Numbering of the parts of speech and result in utterances which sound mildly alliterative in Lingala categorized their... First parts of speech and result in utterances which sound mildly alliterative the ( inherent ) vowel in the ⟨o⟩. Is fairly common in Sesotho ( they can not accept new nouns ) but they are in! Expressing singular, even numbers to a noun ’ s class, whereas the stem is raised well! Personal names, as the historical sound shifts should have resulted in go instead is class n is n! Means words that have no meaning all the Bantu languages 3 ( the `` inanimate/animal '' class [ ]!

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